Molecular Biology Techniques Isolation, separation and analysis of biological macromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids), chromatography, electrophoresis and centrifugation.
Biophysical Methods Spectroscopy (UV/visible, fluorescence, circular dichroism, NMR and ESR), molecular structure determination using X-ray diffraction, cryo-electron microscopy and NMR, Molecular analysis using light scattering, different types of mass spectrometry methods and surface plasma resonance.
Genomics, Transcriptomics, Proteomics and Metabolomics Structure and organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes, Comparative genomics, Global gene expression analysis, Comparative transcriptomics, Differential gene expression; protein interaction analysis and mapping, targeted and untargeted metabolic profiling, DNA finger printing and its applications, DNA bar coding, Single-cell sequencing, single-cell omics.
Radiolabeling techniques Detection and measurement of different types of radioisotopes normally used in biology, incorporation of radioisotopes in biological tissues and cells, molecular imaging of radioactive material, safety guidelines.
Histochemical and Immunotechniques Antibody generation, Detection of molecules using ELISA, RIA, western blot, immunoprecipitation, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy, detection of molecules in living cells, in situ localization by techniques such as FISH and GISH.
Microscopic techniques Visualization of cells and subcellular components by light microscopy and advanced microscopic techniques, resolving power of microscopes, microscopy of living cells, scanning and transmission microscopes, sample preparation techniques for microscopy.
Electrophysiological methods Single neuron recording, patch-clamp recording, ECG, Brain activity recording, lesion and stimulation of brain, pharmacological testing, PET, MRI, fMRI, CAT.
Methods in field biology Methods of estimating population density of animals and plants, ranging patterns through direct, indirect and remote observations, sampling methods in the study of behavior, habitat characterization: ground and remote sensing methods.
Statistical Methods Concepts of precision and accuracy in experimental measurements, signal to noise ratio, Measures of central tendency and dispersal; probability distributions (Binomial, Poisson and normal); Sampling distribution; Difference between parametric and non-parametric statistics; Confidence Interval; Errors; Levels of significance; Regression and Correlation; t-test; Analysis of variance; X2 test; basic introduction to multivariate statistics, etc.
IPR, Biosafety and Bioethics Intellectual property rights, types of IP, Patent databases; Biological safety measures, biosafety levels, regulatory guidelines, animal ethics, research ethics, publication ethics, plagiarism, use of AI in research and publication.
Biophysical Methods Spectroscopy (UV/visible, fluorescence, circular dichroism, NMR and ESR), molecular structure determination using X-ray diffraction, cryo-electron microscopy and NMR, Molecular analysis using light scattering, different types of mass spectrometry methods and surface plasma resonance.
Genomics, Transcriptomics, Proteomics and Metabolomics Structure and organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes, Comparative genomics, Global gene expression analysis, Comparative transcriptomics, Differential gene expression; protein interaction analysis and mapping, targeted and untargeted metabolic profiling, DNA finger printing and its applications, DNA bar coding, Single-cell sequencing, single-cell omics.
Radiolabeling techniques Detection and measurement of different types of radioisotopes normally used in biology, incorporation of radioisotopes in biological tissues and cells, molecular imaging of radioactive material, safety guidelines.
Histochemical and Immunotechniques Antibody generation, Detection of molecules using ELISA, RIA, western blot, immunoprecipitation, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy, detection of molecules in living cells, in situ localization by techniques such as FISH and GISH.
Microscopic techniques Visualization of cells and subcellular components by light microscopy and advanced microscopic techniques, resolving power of microscopes, microscopy of living cells, scanning and transmission microscopes, sample preparation techniques for microscopy.
Electrophysiological methods Single neuron recording, patch-clamp recording, ECG, Brain activity recording, lesion and stimulation of brain, pharmacological testing, PET, MRI, fMRI, CAT.
Methods in field biology Methods of estimating population density of animals and plants, ranging patterns through direct, indirect and remote observations, sampling methods in the study of behavior, habitat characterization: ground and remote sensing methods.
Statistical Methods Concepts of precision and accuracy in experimental measurements, signal to noise ratio, Measures of central tendency and dispersal; probability distributions (Binomial, Poisson and normal); Sampling distribution; Difference between parametric and non-parametric statistics; Confidence Interval; Errors; Levels of significance; Regression and Correlation; t-test; Analysis of variance; X2 test; basic introduction to multivariate statistics, etc.
IPR, Biosafety and Bioethics Intellectual property rights, types of IP, Patent databases; Biological safety measures, biosafety levels, regulatory guidelines, animal ethics, research ethics, publication ethics, plagiarism, use of AI in research and publication.
